London Eye architecture: From conceptual vision to structural masterpiece

The husband-and-wife architect duo who conceived and designed the London Eye. Their vision was to create a modern landmark to mark the millennium, combining public space with engineering innovation.

The renowned engineering firm is responsible for the structural design. Arup’s team developed the wheel’s unique cantilevered form and managed complex calculations for stability and rotation.

A Dutch steelwork specialist company that fabricated the main steel structure. Hollandia’s precision engineering was crucial for the wheel’s massive rim and tensioned spoke system.

A French company known for cable transport systems, Poma designed and built the 32 glass capsules, each mounted externally to maximize views and enhance the riding experience.

These UK-based construction firms oversaw on-site assembly, including the floating platform technique used to build the wheel horizontally before it was raised upright.

The original sponsor and project backer, British Airways, helped fund and promote the project, facilitating public support and visibility ahead of its official opening in 2000.

The London Eye’s most striking feature is its 135-metre-tall cantilevered wheel, designed to resemble a bicycle wheel. Supported by an A-frame only on one side, it uses 64 tensioned steel cables radiating from the hub to the rim, giving the structure both strength and visual lightness. The rim, made of tubular steel sections, was fabricated with high precision to support the capsules and ensure smooth rotation.

There are 32 sealed, egg-shaped capsules mounted externally to the rim, allowing for uninterrupted 360° views. Made from glass and lightweight materials, each capsule is climate-controlled and equipped with stabilising motors to keep it level as the wheel turns. The design reflects a blend of functionality and transparency, enhancing both safety and the viewing experience.

Fitted with a programmable LED lighting system, the London Eye transforms after sunset into a vibrant landmark. It regularly lights up to mark national holidays, charitable events, and cultural celebrations. The sleek, white-painted structure reflects ambient light beautifully, making it a centrepiece of London’s nighttime skyline.

The boarding area sits along the South Bank and includes a sleek steel and glass platform that rotates slowly with the wheel, allowing passengers to embark and disembark without stopping the motion. The wheel’s A-frame support and foundation are anchored deep into the ground and reinforced with concrete, ensuring stability while maintaining a minimal visual footprint on the riverside.

Each of the 32 glass capsules offers a sleek, modern interior designed for comfort and panoramic viewing. Spacious enough to hold up to 25 people, the capsules are climate-controlled and fitted with bench seating, though most visitors prefer to stand and move around to take in 360° views. The glass panels are curved to reduce reflection and glare, enhancing photography and sightseeing.

Designed with inclusivity in mind, the London Eye offers step-free access and dedicated spaces within the capsules for wheelchair users. The slow rotation allows easy boarding and disembarking without stopping the wheel. Inside, the open-plan layout ensures unobstructed views for all passengers, and subtle lighting creates a calm ambience during night rides, aligning with the capsule's clean, futuristic design.

The interior of the boarding terminal is designed with functionality and flow in mind. Visitors move through a modern, glass-lined space with minimal barriers, guided by clear signage and gentle ramps. Audio-visual displays offer an introduction to the experience, while the rotating boarding platform, aligned with the wheel’s pace, ensures continuous movement, reinforcing the seamless design of the overall structure.