Discover Westminster Abbey coronation history | Key insights into royal ceremonies

Since 1066, the Westminster Abbey coronation has crowned every English and British monarch. Steeped in symbolism, these ceremonies combine sacred anointing, ancient regalia, and historic oaths, cementing the Abbey’s role as the heart of royal tradition and national identity.

The coronation ceremony

westminster abbey coronations
  • Sacred anointing: The most spiritual act, where holy oil is applied to the monarch, symbolising divine blessing and the sacred authority of kingship.
  • Royal oath: The monarch swears an oath to uphold justice, protect the church, and govern faithfully in service to the people.
  • Crowning moment: The Archbishop of Canterbury places the crown upon the monarch’s head, formally confirming their authority and role as sovereign.
  • Processional entry: The monarch enters Westminster Abbey in a grand procession, accompanied by clergy, officials, regalia, and symbolic displays of royal power.
  • Coronation music: Specially composed pieces, such as Handel’s Zadok the Priest, provide a powerful musical backdrop that elevates the ceremony’s grandeur.
  • Communal celebration: Following the crowning, hymns and acclamations ring through the Abbey, uniting the congregation and the country in shared recognition of the monarchy.
Westminster Abbey history

Key regalia relevant to the Westminster Abbey coronation

British Coronation Chair from the 1300s displayed in a historic exhibition setting.

The Coronation Chair 

Commissioned by Edward I in 1296, the Coronation Chair has seated almost every English and British monarch. It was built to house the Stone of Scone, making it the most enduring symbol of royal succession in Britain.

Westminster Abbey interior with ornate arches and choir stalls.

The Stone of Scone

Also called the Stone of Destiny, this ancient relic represents the Scottish monarchy and unity. Seized by Edward I, it was placed beneath the Coronation Chair, linking English and Scottish traditions during coronations. It was returned to Scotland in 1996.

Interior of a cathedral with rows of chairs and ornate wall carvings, not Westminster Abbey.

The Imperial State Crown

Used at the conclusion of coronations, this crown is set with nearly 3,000 gemstones, including the Cullinan II diamond. It represents the sovereign’s authority, with its glittering jewels reflecting the power and continuity of Britain’s monarchy.

Sir Isaac Newton's Tomb in Westminster Abbey with ornate Gothic architecture.

The Coronation Spoon

Surprisingly humble, this medieval silver spoon is used for the anointing oil, making it one of the most sacred regalia pieces. Its simplicity contrasts with the grandeur of other objects but underscores the ceremony’s deep spiritual foundations.

Westminster Abbey interior with memorial and stained glass windows, London.

The Orb and Sceptres

These regalia items represent Christian kingship and royal authority. The orb symbolises global responsibility under God, while the sceptres embody temporal and spiritual power, handed to the monarch during the ceremony to reinforce their governing responsibilities.

Memorable coronations in history

Westminster Abbey facade with clock tower and surrounding buildings, London.
Ornate choir stalls with golden detailing at Westminster Abbey, London.
Stained glass windows and vaulted ceiling in Westminster Abbey's Chapter House, London.
People gathered outside Westminster Abbey, London, admiring its Gothic architecture.
Westminster Abbey facade with bell towers under a clear blue sky.
Westminster Abbey facade with intricate Gothic architecture and rose window in London.
Union Jack flags hanging in a London street for coronation day celebration.
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William the Conqueror, 1066

The first Westminster Abbey coronation, marked by tension and violence, established the Abbey as the coronation church. It also highlighted the significance of royal legitimacy in a kingdom shaped by conquest and contested authority.

Elizabeth I, 1559

Elizabeth I’s coronation symbolised stability after turmoil under Mary I. It was a masterful display of pageantry that blended tradition with the new Protestant identity, reinforcing her role as England’s defining monarch for nearly half a century.

Charles II, 1661

Known as the “Merry Monarch,” Charles II’s coronation restored the monarchy after the Civil War and Cromwell’s Commonwealth. The elaborate ceremony reasserted royal authority and reflected a return to grandeur after years of political upheaval.

Queen Victoria, 1838

At just 18, Victoria’s coronation began a reign that defined an era. Although organisational mishaps occurred, her ceremony symbolised youthful promise, national renewal, and a monarchy adapting to the growing influence of constitutional governance.

Edward VII, 1902

Delayed by illness, Edward VII’s coronation introduced new ceremonial elements and reflected Britain’s global role at the height of empire. The event showcased imperial strength, marking the transition from the Victorian age to modern monarchy.

Elizabeth II, 1953

The first televised coronation, Elizabeth II’s ceremony, reached millions worldwide. It highlighted modernity within tradition, uniting global audiences in a shared moment and firmly embedding Westminster Abbey coronations into the cultural memory of the twentieth century.

Charles III, 2023

The most recent Westminster Abbey coronation blended ancient tradition with contemporary values. It emphasised service, inclusivity, and environmental responsibility while retaining the grandeur of historic ceremonies, showing how coronations adapt to modern expectations and national identity.

Frequently Asked Questions about Westminster Abbey coronations

Why was Westminster Abbey chosen as the site for coronations?

Its central location, royal associations, and sacred status since Edward the Confessor established it as the traditional coronation church.

Have every English and British monarch been crowned at Westminster Abbey?

Since William the Conqueror in 1066, every monarch has been crowned at Westminster Abbey, except Edward V and Edward VIII, who never had coronations.

Are parts of the coronation service conducted in Latin today?

While historically Latin was used, modern coronations are primarily in English, with occasional phrases retained for tradition’s sake.

What happens to the regalia between coronations?

They are kept in the Tower of London’s Jewel House, where they can be viewed by the public year-round.

Have coronations at Westminster Abbey ever faced disruptions?

Yes, some, such as William the Conqueror’s in 1066, saw unrest, while others, like Edward VII’s, were delayed by illness.

How long does a typical coronation ceremony last?

Traditionally lasting about three hours, modern coronations may be slightly shorter while retaining essential symbolic and ceremonial elements.

How many people attend a coronation inside Westminster Abbey?

Attendance varies, with modern coronations hosting about 2,000 guests, while earlier ceremonies accommodated fewer within the Abbey’s limited space.

Were coronations always televised or broadcast?

No, the first televised coronation was Elizabeth II’s in 1953, reaching millions worldwide and marking a new media era.

Does the public participate in coronations at Westminster Abbey?

Direct participation is limited, but acclamations like “God Save the King” involve the congregation, representing national recognition of monarchy.

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